Caves as archives of ecological and climatic changes in the pleistocene - the case of Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, , Finlayson G, Finlayson C, Giles Pacheco F, Rodriguez Vidal J, Carrion Js, Recio Espejo Jm,

New St. Michael's Cave, Gibraltar - Part I, 1949, Braithwaite T. A. J.

Letter - New St. Michael's Cave, Gibraltar, 1949, Owen J. R. L.

New St. Michael's Cave, Gibraltar - Part II, 1949, Shaw T. R.

New St. Michael's Cave, Gibraltar, 1953, Shaw T. R.

Old St. Michael's Cave, Gibraltar [a], 1955, Shaw T. R.

Old St. Michael's Cave, Gibraltar [b], 1955, Shaw T. R.

The St. Michael's Caves, Gibraltar, 1956, Shaw, T. R.

Significance of the Fauna of the Caves of Gibraltar, 1971, Glennie E. A.

Preliminary Investigation into the Fauna of the Caves of Gibraltar, 1971, Hazleton M.

Fauna collected from the Caves of Gibraltar, 1959 - 1960, 1971, Hazleton M.

The Cavers of Gibraltar, 1971, Lloyd O. C.

The Formation of the Gibraltar Caves, 1971, Tratman E. K.

The effect of the Messinian Deep Stage on karst development around the Mediterranean Sea. Examples from Southern France, 2004, Audra P, Mocochain L, Camus H, Gilli E, Clauzon G, Bigot Jy,

It is difficult to explain the position and behaviour of the main karst springs of southern France without calling on a drop in the water table below those encountered at the lowest levels of Pleistocene glacio-eustatic fluctuations. The principal karst features around the Mediterranean are probably inherited from the Messinian period ('Salinity crisis') when sea level dropped dramatically due to the closing of the Straight of Gibraltar and desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea. Important deep karst systems were formed because the regional ground water dropped and the main valleys were entrenched as canyons. Sea level rise during the Pliocene caused sedimentation in the Messinian canyons and water, under a low hydraulic head, entered the upper cave levels. The powerful submarine spring of Port-Miou is located south of Marseille in a drowned canyon of the Calanques massif. The main water flow comes from a vertical shaft that extends to a depth of more than 147 in bsl. The close shelf margin comprises a submarine karst plateau cut by a deep canyon whose bottom reaches 1,000 in bsl. The canyon ends upstream in a pocket valley without relation to any important continental valley. This canyon was probably excavated by the underground paleoriver of Port-Miou during the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Currently, seawater mixes with karst water at depth. The crisis also affected inland karst aquifers. The famous spring of Fontaine de Vaucluse was explored by a ROV (remote observation vehicle) to a depth of 308 in, 224 m below current sea level. Flutes observed on the wall of the shaft indicate the spring was formerly an air-filled shaft connected to a deep underground river flowing towards a deep valley. Outcroppings and seismic data confirm the presence of deep paleo-valleys filled with Pliocene sediments in the current Rhone and Durance valleys. In the Ardeche, several vauclusian springs may also be related to the Messinian Rhone canyon, located at about 200 in below present sea level. A Pliocene base level rise resulted in horizontal dry cave levels. In the hinterland of Gulf of Lion, the Cevennes karst margin was drained toward the hydrologic window opened by the Messinian erosional surface on the continental shelf

Gibraltar Caves: Archaeology, 2004, Finlayson C. , Rodriguezvidal J.